Understanding latency for hardware-in-the-loop testing

Modern vehicles, whether autonomous or assisted, heavily rely on precise positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) information for safety, efficiency, and mission-critical tasks. GNSS technology has evolved to meet these demands, offering a variety of hardware and services options, including multi-constellation and multi-frequency receivers, terrestrial and space-based augmentation systems, and complex array antennas. However, the inclusion of additional PNT sensors working together with GNSS has become increasingly important for seamless and reliable performance.